外观
句型
句子成分的详细说明见 2. 句子成分。
五种基本句型
| 简称 | 基本句型 | 动词类型 |
|---|---|---|
| SV | 主语 + 不及物动词 | 不及物动词 |
| SVO | 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 | 及物动词 |
| SVC | 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 | 系动词 |
| SVOC | 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语 | 不完全及物动词 |
| SVoO | 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语 | 双及物动词 |
SV：主语 + 不及物动词
这是英语最简单的句型，主语发出动作，动作不涉及其他事物。
例句：
- The sun rises.
- Birds fly.
- She sings beautifully.
不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语，但可以跟副词、介词短语作状语。
SVO：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语
及物动词需要带宾语，动作作用于某人 / 某物。
例句：
- I like apples.
- She reads a book.
- They play basketball.
宾语可以是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。
SVC：主语 + 系动词 + 表语
系动词连接主语和表语，表语说明主语的状态、特征或身份。
常见的系动词：
- be 动词：am, is, are, was, were
- 感官动词：look, sound, smell, taste, feel
- 变化动词：become, get, turn, grow
- 保持动词：keep, stay, remain
例句：
- She is a teacher.
- It looks beautiful.
- He became famous.
SVOC：主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补语
宾语补语补充说明宾语的状态、特征或动作。
常用动词：make, keep, find, call, consider, see, hear
例句：
- The news made me happy.
- They call him Tom.
- I saw her crying.
宾语补语可以是：形容词、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词
SVOO：主语 + 双及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
双及物动词需要两个宾语：间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（物）
常见的双及物动词：
- 给予类（间接宾语 →
to）：give, show, send, pass, tell, teach, lend, offer, hand, throw, write, read, bring, pay, promise, leave - 购买类（间接宾语 →
for）：buy, make, cook, get, find, draw, sing, order, build, choose, fetch, save, pour, spare - 询问类：ask, answer, envy, forgive
例句：
- I gave him a book.
- She told me a story.
- My mother bought me a gift.
间接宾语可以改为 to / for 介词短语：
- I gave a book to him.
- My mother bought a gift for me.
特殊句型
it 句型
it 作形式主语的常见句型：
It's + adj. + to do sth.
- It's important to learn English.
- It's easy to get lost.
It's + adj. + for/of sb. + to do sth.
- It's necessary for you to study hard.
- It's kind of you to help me.
It's + adj. + that 从句
- It's clear that he is right.
- It's a pity that you can't come.
It takes sb. time to do sth.
- It takes me 30 minutes to get to school.
There be 句型
结构：There be + 名词 + 地点 / 时间
含义："某处有某物"
- There is a book on the desk.
- There are many students in the classroom.
就近原则
be 动词的单复数由靠近它的名词决定：
- There is a pen and two books on the desk.
- There are two books and a pen on the desk.
区别 have
| there be | have | |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 某处存在某物 | 某人拥有某物 |
| 主语 | 地点 | 人 |
| 例句 | There is a car in the yard. | I have a car. |