时态和语态
约 544 字大约 2 分钟
2026-07-14
时态
时态 = 时间 + 状态
- 时间：现在、过去、将来
- 状态：一般、进行、完成
各时态动词形式
| 时态 | 现在 | 过去 | 将来 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 一般 | do / does | did | will do |
| 进行 | be doing | was / were doing | will be doing |
| 完成 | have done | had done | will have done |
动词变化
三单形式（-s）
| 情况 | 规律 |
|---|---|
| 一般情况 | 加 -s |
| s, x, ch, sh, o 结尾 | 加 -es |
| 辅音 + y 结尾 | 改 y 为 i 加 -es |
不规则：be → is, have → has, go → goes
过去式和过去分词（-ed）
口诀：直去双改
| 口诀 | 情况 | 规律 |
|---|---|---|
| 直 | 一般情况 | 直接加 -ed |
| 去 | 不发音 e 结尾 | 去 e 加 -ed |
| 双 | 辅元辅结尾 | 双写末尾辅音加 -ed |
| 改 | 辅音 + y 结尾 | 改 y 为 i 加 -ed |
不规则动词表见 1. 词汇/不规则动词（在新窗口打开）。
现在时态
| 时态 | 例句 | 标志词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | I play basketball every day. | always, often, usually, every day |
| 现在进行 | I am playing basketball now. | now, Listen!, Look! |
| 现在完成 | I have played basketball already. | already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for |
过去时态
| 时态 | 例句 | 标志词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般过去 | I played basketball yesterday. | ago, yesterday, last week, in 2020 |
| 过去进行 | I was playing basketball at 10:00. | at that time, when / while 从句 |
将来时态
| 时态 | 例句 | 标志词 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般将来 | I will play basketball tomorrow. | tomorrow, next week, in the future |
被动语态
构成：be + 过去分词
变化规则：
- 原宾语变为主语
- 原主语可省略，或由 by 引出
- 原主语主动发出动作 → 主动；主语受到动作影响 → 被动
各时态的被动
| 时态 | 主动 | 被动 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在 | do / does | am / is / are + done |
| 一般过去 | did | was / were + done |
| 一般将来 | will do | will be + done |
| 现在进行 | am / is / are doing | am / is / are being + done |
| 现在完成 | have / has done | have / has been + done |
| 情态动词 | can do | can be + done |
判断策略
- 判断选项时态
- 看标志词（时间状语）
- 看周围其他谓语动词的时态
- 看主语和动词的关系（主动还是被动）